Original title: “Appreciating the “Architectural Meaning” of the Unique College
——Exclusive Interview with Luo Ming, Expert of the Historical Heritage Protection Think Tank of Hunan Province and Associate Professor of the School of Architecture and Art of Central South University”
Interviewee: Luo Ming
Interviewer: Liao Huiwen (Hunan Jamaica Sugar Daddy Daily Media reporter)
Source: Hunan Daily New Media
Time: Confucius 2575 Year Jiachen, early June, Gengchen
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At the end of Meng Xia, we sat in An Beside the Panchi of the Confucian Temple in Huamei Town, thick greenery wraps around it. The branches and leaves of the big trees tightly block the skylight, and the vigorously growing moss creates a plush-like edge for the Jamaicans Sugardaddy floor tiles. Panchi, a light green half-moon-shaped pool, reflects the shadow of the vegetation. Several orange-red carps swam in the shadows, occasionally making a slight “ooh” sound as they jumped into the water.
The plaque “Zhongmei Academy” hangs high in the Dacheng Hall of the Confucian Temple. The historical record of the former site of Zhongmei Academy is not here, but at the Science and Education Building of Anhua No. 1 Middle School adjacent to the Confucian Temple. There are some architectural components scattered around Panchi, and it is said that many of them are the remains of the academy. We searched for these ruins with our eyes and lamented the rise and fall of the buildings over time. Jamaica Sugar Daddy
Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the academy has gradually become a unique cultural and educational institution The architectural type reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty. “As private educational institutions, academies are good at utilizing other architectural spaces. Some academies are composed of Confucian temples, ancestral halls, or even private residences Jamaica SugarRenovated,” Luo Ming, an expert at the Hunan Provincial Historical Heritage Protection Think Tank and an associate professor at the School of Architecture and Art of Central South University, said while pointing to the plaque. When she was studying for her Ph.D., she began to pay attention to modern cultural and educational architecture in Hunan. She surveyed and surveyed the existing academic palaces and academies buildings in various places in Hunan, and conducted in-depth research on HunanJamaicans Escort The development trajectory of cultural and educational architecture was traced out, and the important characteristics were analyzed, and relevant monographs were published, which were later Jamaica Sugar Daddy has undertaken the renovation and protection design of many provincial and municipal cultural relics protection buildings such as Yehou Academy.
In 1932, Lin Huiyin and Liang Si put forward the “understanding” description of China’s construction. Well, you and your mother have stayed here long enough. You have been running outside again today. It’s time to go back to the room to accompany your daughter-in-law. “Pei’s mother said. “In recent days, the concept of “architectural meaning”, which has been devoted to her inner spirit and cultural connotation, emphasizes that modern Chinese architecture not only has practical effects, but also contains profound cultural significance and aesthetic value. In Luo Ming’s view, the architecture of Huxiang Academy is undoubtedly very “architectural”. She is often impressed by the aesthetics and ingenuity of her predecessors: “The artistic and civilized value of the architecture of Huxiang Academy is actually far beyond its essence.” It goes far beyond the building itself, but that people can fully experience the teachings and architecture from this artistic abstraction JM Escorts Civilized spirit. ”
Luo Ming.
The architectural group embodies the idea of ”rituals and music complement each other”
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Xiangjiang Supplement: Since the launch of the column “Exploring Civilizations in Thousand-Year Universities·Visiting Huxiang academies”, I have visited more than 40 Hunan academies. Some of these academies retain their aerial buildings, while others have disappeared. Among the existing academy buildings in Hunan, which ones do you think are worth seeing?
Luo Ming: The protection of architectural heritage advocates the protection of the original site, and generally does not advocate restoration and new construction. In 2007, I began to investigate academies buildings in Hunan. According to the survey at that time, there were 19 academies with existing buildings.
The first among these 19 is Yuelu Academy. Yuelu Academy is particularly valuable in terms of historical value, architectural format, architectural art, and its own preservation status. It is the business card of our Hunan academy architecture and is definitely a must-see.
The snow scene of Yuelu Academy. Photo by Hunan Daily all-media reporter Guo Liliang
Secondly, the Lujiang Academy in Liling is also in Hunan One of the more prominent cases in the academy. It is surrounded by the West Mountain on three sides and overlooks the Lu River on one side. Its overall layout is not completely symmetrical, but is based on the mountain. It sits west to east, overlooking the Lu River, the city wall in the distance, and the surrounding natural culture. The environment is excellent.
Although Lujiang Academy has been renovated and expanded many times, the builders cleverly used a variety of techniques and methods to keep it consistent with the original times and features of the site. Buildings of different types and forms coexist harmoniously. Jamaicans Escort is not only rich in types and forms, but also convenient for use. The studio in the south of the academy has been destroyed. The rest of the building foundation is intact, not only the lecture hall, auditorium, library, and studios that are common in the academy complex are preserved, which is a bit unfair.” Because the academy was originally an academic palace during the Song and Ming Dynasties, it also preserved the academic temple, Panchi, and Buddhist temples. A variety of buildings of different periods and types, including ancestral halls, form a harmonious movement that spans time and space.
The Wenhua Academy in Liuyang is also worth visiting – most of the Dacheng Hall, he stood up and said. It is a single storey, but the Yecheng Hall of Wenhua College in 1988 has two floors and is in the pavilion style, which shows that the construction technology of Liuyang at that time should be Yes, only then would you dare to use the space on the second floor.
There is also YunJamaica Sugar Daddy Mountain Academy in Ningxiang. It is large in scale, with a very complete four-in-five-column layout. There are 14 large and small patios and courtyards, and each patio is empty Jamaica Sugar The standards are still different, which makes people really feel the “courtyard” in the “school”.
Mandarin College. Data map
Xiangjiang Supplement: We understand that the Confucian Temple, as an official building, has a relatively strict form, but the academy does not seem to be so strict. Do the academy buildings in Hunan have ordinary shapes?
Luo Ming: There are still some. The hierarchy of the academy’s performance areas is not as strict as that of official buildings, but it shows a conventional format. For example, it adopts a central axis symmetry, a combination of multiple courtyards, closed to the outside and open to the inside. The basic layout takes the lecture hall as the center, and the central axis is generally equipped with three entrances: the courtyard gate, the gantry, and the lecture hall in sequence. At the same time, it is also based on the terrain of Jamaicans Escort There are library and memorial buildings, which progress layer by layer, reflecting the main position of the “three major undertakings” of teaching, collecting books and worshiping in modern cultural and educational buildingsJM Escorts. Other main functional areas are arranged on both sides of the central axis to meet the needs of studying at home. The rigorous and rich architectural groups of the academy are a concrete manifestation of the idea of ”rituals and music complement each other”. In short, official style is more important than etiquette, folk style is more important than music, and academies embody the characteristics of the two complementing each other.
However, academies are non-official buildings and have no hierarchy. They can be divided into two types: teaching academies and memorial academies based on their important functions and efficient use of rooms: Teaching Type-type academies have the three elements of gathering students to give lectures, hiding books, and practicing rituals. They are academies with the nature of a school. This is a wide range of types. Memorial-type academies are built to commemorate local celebrities. There are fewer of them. Most of them are built at the former sites of celebrities’ activities. Such as Nanyue Yehou Academy, Rucheng Lianxi Academy, etc.
Illustration of the architectural layout of the academy. Photo provided by the interviewee
The “elegance” and “vulgarity” of Huxiang Academy architecture
Xiangjiang Supplement: You have assessed many academies across the country. Looking across the country, do Hunan’s academy buildings have their own characteristics?
Luo Ming: Hunan’s academy architecture was influenced by “prototype” architecture such as ancestral hall architecture, nearby Buddhist architecture, and official architecture. Techniques such as series connection, series-parallel connection, series-parallel connection, heavy encirclement, and Jamaicans Sugardaddy protection form a regular layout characterized by rigor and regularity. At the same time, various flexible structures are formed through techniques such as turning, normal change, and staggering, so that the three main functional areas of teaching, memorial service, and book collection, which are originally monotonous, and other auxiliary functional areas form an ever-changing landscape.The well space combination embodies the trinity of modern Chinese literati interests and teaching formats of teaching, worshiping saints, and being happy.
Whether it is in the appearance or decoration of the building, the academy buildings will take the “elegance” of the literati style as the most basic style, but the innovative energy of Huxiang civilization makes this This kind of “elegance” is not completely divorced from the arrogance of the public, but pays attention to absorbing certain forms and contents from folk culture and even modern Western culture, forming the lakeJamaica Sugar Daddy Nan Shu JM EscortsThe unique conceptual form and architectural form of the courtyard architecture.
Xiangjiang Supplement: Are there any rules in the selection of the academy’s location?
Luo Ming: I obtained the research on the rules of college site selection through statistics. One source is through existing academies, but the number is not enough; the other is that the location of the academies is generally marked in local county annals. I found that early academies were usually located in mountains and forests far away from the city. Jamaica Sugar Scholars believe that a quiet environment is required Read quietly. As it developed to the late Qing Dynasty, the academies became closer and closer to the city. This is because college education has gradually become the mainstream of education, and it is necessary to facilitate everyone’s study.
Taking the academies of Hunan in the Qing Dynasty as an example, the location selection went through a process of changes from mountains and forests to cities and suburbs, and ultimately most of them were mountain-type academies. The educational philosophy of Confucianism has always determined the impact of natural mountains and rivers on people’s mental health. “Mother?” She stared at Pei’s mother’s closed eyes with excitement and shouted: “Mom, you can hear what your daughter-in-law said, right? If you can hear it, then take action. Or the most fundamental aspect of the school’s “selecting victory” environment is its educational philosophy and the need to cultivate talents. 
The mountain gate of Lujiang Academy. Information map
Xiangjiang Supplement:Jamaicans EscortHow did the ancients use natural environments such as mountains and rivers when building schools? There are often gardens in academies. What are the characteristics of academy gardens compared with private gardens?
Luo Ming: Take Yuelu Academy as an example: it pillows Yuelu Mountain to the west, Fenghuang Mountain and Tianma Mountain to the left and right, and faces the Xiangjiang River to the east. , looking at the head of Orange Island from a distance. Since the Song Dynasty, Yuelu Academy has focused on managing the environment and scenery around it. Starting from the Qianmen archway (today’s archway entrance) near the river, walk along the long, narrow and deep path to Zidating. It is estimated that the width of the road leading to the school should be about 3 meters.
Continue along the road to the front of the courtyard, which is the front pavilion (later renamed the front desk), and is connected with the Xiangxiang Pavilion (originally named Dongting) in the school gate pond on the north side. , Fengyu Pavilion (originally named West Pavilion) in the Yinma Pond on the south side is located on the same horizontal axis, becoming the three main landscapes in front of the courtyard. The intimacy of the front patio of the academy contrasts with the solemnity of the middle patio and the magnificence of the back patio. The space is freely retractable and the “three pavilions and one one” (Zida Pavilion, Xiangxiang Pavilion, Fengyu Pavilion and Hexi Terrace) landscape The detailed details on the book not only make this one-kilometer-long guided journey not tiring, but also allow you to look up at the entire academy and its surrounding environment from multiple angles, making this long journey that integrates mountains, rivers, and islands into one. The landscape has become an indispensable part of Yuelu Academy.
The surrounding natural environment and garden space are the second classroom of the academy. The academy environment is rich in types and layouts, in terms of garden composition and space processing, Jamaicans Escort in the organic combination of architecture and natural environment , in the development and utilization of natural landscape resources, they have different characteristics from imperial gardens and private gardens. Academy gardens do not pay much attention to the personal interests of private gardens, but seek the practicality of teaching venues. There are not many “winding paths leading to tranquility and sudden enlightenment” landscaping, but a very straightforward space, because enough space should be reserved for students to read, rest, and travel.
In traditional Chinese civilization, water has spirituality, and academies also like to use water in their gardens. When it comes to the selection of garden plants, peach trees, plum trees, and ginkgo trees are preferred, which symbolizes that peaches and plums are everywhere in the world; osmanthus trees are preferred, which symbolizes winning laurel crowns. There is also the use of common local tree species, such as the Jamaicans Sugardaddy tree.
The college garden is the “practical base” for the college to implement the educational idea of ”hide, rest, rest and travel”, achieving the goal of “borrowing mountain light to please humanity, and imitating lake water to purify the mind” .
ParkJamaica SugarSimple, pragmatic, Huxiang spirit in architecture
Xiangjiang Supplement:We have just been observing the patterns of the architectural components of Zhongmei Academy. What are the Jamaica Sugar characteristics of the architectural decoration of Huxiang Academy?
Luo Ming: Hunan belongs to the central region, and there are many thoughts on seeking common ground. In addition, Hunan is not an economically developed place Jamaicans Sugardaddy place, it is impossible to decorate it in a particularly complicated and exquisite way. The buildings of Huxiang Academy prefer to use plain wood and stone carvings, and rarely use color paintings. Most of the carved patterns have auspicious meanings. For example, the deer means high-ranking officials and rich salaries, and the common “immediately ennobles the marquis” and so on. They also like to use pictures of historical stories to educate people, such as Three Brothers in Taoyuan, Three Visits to Thatched Cottage, etc.
We can see that some red walls still exist in many colleges in Hunan. This is because many colleges in Hunan, such as Yuelu College, Luxi College, Lujiang College, etc. , once served as a Confucian temple, so it has the unique red walls of official-style buildings – this is also a characteristic of Hunan Academy. During the Qing Dynasty, Hunan’s culture and education were very developed. There was a period when public schools and private schools were mixed, so the space of Confucian temples and academies began to be shared. HuxiangJamaica Sugar is pragmatic and adaptable, which can also be seen in the architecture.
Xiangjiang Supplement:As a Ordinary tourists, when we walk into an academy, how can we appreciate the beauty of the academy’s architecture? Ancient Chinese architecture contains profound philosophical thoughts. What kind of philosophical thoughts are contained in the architecture of the academy?
Luo Ming: We can conduct research on five aspects: site selection environment, efficiency layout, architectural form, patio space and decorative art of the academy building. aesthetic. By their nature, these five aspects actually go far beyond the construction of the building itself, Jamaicans Sugardaddy and contain a more distant The cultural spirit and aesthetic interests of scholars express the modern Chinese philosophical thoughts with Confucianism as the main body.
Xiangjiang Supplement: You have done many restoration projects of modern academies. Can you tell us about the restoration projects?What are some of your experiences and thoughts during the process, or maybe there is a need for further research?
Luo Ming: In 2004, I followed Professor Liu Su to restore Yuelu Academy. This became the practical inspiration for me to start studying academy architecture. There are two I still remember:
First, it was decided to rebuild Chongsheng Temple and Minglun Hall in 2002. The base site was located behind Dacheng Hall in accordance with the regulations of the Confucian Temple, but the base was a It is a mountainous area with a slope of about 20%, so the base is divided into three levels of terraces according to the mountain terrain, which enhances the depth of the site landscape and sets off the etiquette and cultural atmosphere of “high is the most noble” in academy buildings; and in accordance with Confucian etiquette, respect for The Holy Temple should be located on the central axis of the Confucian Temple. According to the terrain, the Minglun Hall can only be located in the north wing of the Chongsheng Temple. However, in order to protect the thousand-year-old fragrant maple on the north side of the base, the Minglun Hall had to be set back 6 meters, and it could not be connected to the opposite side. Some Wenchang Pavilions form a symmetrical patio. Therefore, we designed a wall with a hanging flower gate at a position that is symmetrical to Wenchang Pavilion. Together with Minglun Hall, it is divided into a side courtyard specially built for ancient trees. At the same time, the wall forms a spatial symmetry with the Wenchang Pavilion opposite. Forming a complete and symmetrical middle garden, it not only conforms to the architectural etiquette of “centering on the center” of the Academy Confucian Temple, but also enriches the visual landscape level. It can be said to kill two birds with one stone.
Minglun Hall of Yuelu Academy. Photo provided by the interviewee
Second, the rebuilt Quzi Temple is only less than ten meters away from the mountain, which seems very cramped and presumptuous. By using a horizontal climbing corridor to climb up the mountain, we added a new tour route from Yuelu Academy directly into the Aiwan Pavilion Scenic Area. We also used a vertical climbing corridor to connect the second floor of the building with the mountain; and between the building and the mountain The original ecological vegetation types and patterns of the mountain are preserved between the mountains, making the buildings and mountains seem to be natural. It protects the natural contours of the mountains, and at the same time enriches the architectural contours, doubling the west and south sides of Quzi Temple. The exquisiteness of the ingenious small garden.
Through this practice, I deeply felt that the academy garden landscape is not only the physical landscape level of internal expression, but also the historical and cultural landscape of the garden that is full of philosophical sensibility and profoundness. And in the specific design conditions, the keynote of “like nature” has always been adhered to. How to use cultural concepts to summarize and refine the natural mountains and rivers to construct a mountainous scenic area with a civilized landscape of Chinese Academy of Gardeners has always been a question that needs to be deeply exploredJamaica Sugar research question.
Editor: Jin Fu